| Hardware interfaces | UART, JTAG, SWD and test pads, plus flash and eMMC read-out | A root shell on an open UART port with no password |
|---|
| Firmware | Extraction, unpacking, secrets, components and binaries | The same private key baked into every unit shipped |
|---|
| Boot and updates | Secure boot, signing, rollback and over-the-air update logic | An unsigned OTA image accepted and run by the device |
|---|
| Wireless and radio | Wi-Fi, Bluetooth LE, Zigbee, LoRa, NFC and cellular links | BLE pairing that lets a nearby phone unlock the device |
|---|
| App and cloud | Companion mobile app, device APIs and fleet management | Changing a device ID in the API to control a stranger's device |
|---|
| Automotive and embedded | ECUs, CAN bus, diagnostics (UDS) and telematics | Diagnostic commands accepted without security access |
|---|